Zawia3 · Chart 2 of 7

Actual Education Spending vs. the Constitutional Entitlement

% of GDP — the state spends only a quarter of what the constitution mandates

"Egypt spends a quarter of what its constitution mandates for education — the gap equals at least EGP 110 billion in missing funds"

Actual spending

1.5%

of GDP

Constitutional entitlement

6%

of GNP

What is actually spent

25%

of entitlement

State compliance with constitutional mandate 0%
1.5% actual
4.5% missing constitutionally

Pre-university (constitution: 4%)

4.0% absent

University (constitution: 2%)

2.0% absent

Source: Egyptian Constitution (Articles 19 & 21) / Budget 2026/2027 / EIPR